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Also, some studies followed on material synthesis from plasma-liquid interactions (PLIs). , reproduced and improved Gubkin’s simple experiment in the 1950s and 1960s. Īfter Gubkin, much attention was given to this new research field for the development of the GDE technique and for investigation of micro, spark, or arc discharges in liquid electrolytes.
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Set-up of the reproduced Gubkin’s experiment: Silver is dissolved at the anode placed in the liquid electrolyte and reduced at the plasma-electrolyte interface. However, the luminous discharge between two carbon electrodes was already reported by two French physicists, Hippolyte Fizeau and Leon Foucault in 1844. In fact, this inspiring work was performed long before Irving Langmuir proposed the term “plasma” in his paper in 1928 to describe the positive column of a low pressure gas discharge. Gubkin’s inspiring work was a startup for a new research field which was later called plasma electrochemistry. Figure 1 shows Gubkin’s experimental set-up, as reproduced by Janek et al.
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Gubkin observed the deposition of visible metal particles formed through the reduction of the metal cations by interaction with free electrons from the plasma discharge at the discharge-liquid interface.
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In this technique, the sample solution usually acts as the cathode and the discharge is generated between the metal anode and the liquid cathode by applying high voltage. Gubkin used a glow discharge to reduce metallic salt (silver ions Ag +) in an aqueous solution of AgNO 3. However, it was Gubkin in 1887 who pioneered electrical discharge interactions with liquids using Glow Discharge Electrolysis (GDE) as a unique electrochemical technique. This review can be used as a guide for researchers from different fields to gain insight in the history and state-of-the-art of plasma-liquid interactions and to obtain an overview on the acquired knowledge in this field up to now.įrom a historical point of view, it can be said that the first report on the possibility of the interaction of plasma with liquids dates back to 1789 when van Troostwijk and Deinman reported the decomposition of water by an electric discharge. Although the general understanding of plasma-liquid interactions and their applications has grown significantly in recent decades, it is aimed here to give an updated overview on the possible applications of plasma-liquid systems.
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In the present review, after a brief historical introduction on this important research field, the authors aimed to bring together a wide range of applications of plasma-liquid systems, including nanomaterial processing, water analytical chemistry, water purification, plasma sterilization, plasma medicine, food preservation and agricultural processing, power transformers for high voltage switching, and polymer solution treatment. Due to the multidisciplinary character of this scientific field and due to its broad range of established and promising applications, an updated overview is required, addressing the various applications of plasma-liquid systems till now. Plasma-liquid systems have attracted increasing attention in recent years, owing to their high potential in material processing and nanoscience, environmental remediation, sterilization, biomedicine, and food applications.